This warm-season perennial often appears as shorter shrubs but can become the dominant plant, competing against desirable forages. They have spiny leaves and stems, with purple or yellow flowers. The leaves have decent nutritional value for livestock, who tend to avoid grazing this plant, but can be taught to eat it. In large amounts or cases when it makes up most of the diet, horsenettle is toxic. Generally, as long as other forages are available livestock do not eat enough of this plant to cause problems. Symptoms of toxicity include dilated pupils, staggering, weakness, and pregnant cows may abort. Death which follows paralysis, can happen in extreme cases. To control this plant, focusing on the root system and preventing it from going to seed are important. Having livestock graze the leaves off of this plant when it's young and tender can help to control it too. Similarly, frequent mowing also helps prevent it from going to seed. Chemical control options for this plant would be Aminopyralids such as GrazonNext HL or Chapperal, over 2,4-D alone since they can also act against the root system. Always be sure to read the label for proper use and to adhere to any restrictions. Optimal application times are when plants are growing and flower buds are forming.

Sources

Weed focus: Horse nettle

Images:

Virgina Tech - horsenettle

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